; ------------------------- ; MEMES AND SOCIAL LEARNING ; Emanuela Mirabelli ; ------------------------- turtles-own [ meme-list ; list of behaviours (garden, washer, dishwasher), each with 0-1 values (not water saver - water saver memes) closers ; list of turtles in radius 5 number-of-same-memes ; list of number of same memes with turtles in closers leader ; random value 0-1 if the subject is a leader my-resistance ; change adversity = normal distribution randomly generated prob-of-change ; probability of changing behaviour change ; probability of changing behaviour - support variable maxima ; number of water-saver memes to write in a txt file for 3d plot in wxmaxima ] undirected-link-breed [weaks weak] undirected-link-breed [mediums medium] undirected-link-breed [strongs strong] ; ---------------- ; SETUP PROCEDURES ; ---------------- to setup clear-all setup-turtles setup-my-resistance setup-prob-of-change setup-links do-plot end to setup-turtles crt number-of-subjects ask turtles [ set shape "person" set size 1.3 setxy random-xcor random-ycor set meme-list [] set meme-list (list (random 2) (random 2) (random 2)) if leaders? [ask n-of (random number-of-subjects / 3) turtles [set leader 1]] if not leaders? [set leader 0] ] end to setup-my-resistance ask turtles[ set my-resistance random-float 0.3 if change-adversity = "low" [set my-resistance my-resistance + 0] if change-adversity = "medium" [set my-resistance my-resistance + 0.3] if change-adversity = "high" [set my-resistance my-resistance + 0.7] ] end to setup-prob-of-change ask turtles [set prob-of-change random-float 0.1] end to setup-links clear-links ask turtles [ set closers [] set closers sort other turtles in-radius 5 set number-of-same-memes same-memes-value ] ask turtles [ (foreach [closers] of self [number-of-same-memes] of self [if ?2 = 1 [create-weak-with ?1]]) (foreach [closers] of self [number-of-same-memes] of self [if ?2 = 2 [create-medium-with ?1]]) (foreach [closers] of self [number-of-same-memes] of self [if ?2 = 3 [create-strong-with ?1]]) ] ask weaks [ set color blue set thickness 0] ask mediums [ set color red set thickness 0.1] ask strongs [ set color green set thickness 0.2] end to-report same-memes-value ; lista: per ogni turtle in closer dice quanti sono i memi in comune let n [] foreach [closers] of self [set n lput length filter [? = true](map [?1 = ?2] [meme-list] of self [meme-list] of ?) n] report n end ; -------------- ; RUN PROCEDURES ; -------------- to go be-influenced if movement? [ask turtles [fd 1]] if leaders? [ifelse any? turtles with [leader = 1] [][ask n-of (random number-of-subjects / 3) turtles [set leader 1]]] if not leaders? [ask turtles [set leader 0]] setup-links do-plot tick end to be-influenced ask turtles [ let a [] set change prob-of-change foreach [closers] of self [set a lput [leader] of ? a] if member? 1 a [set change change + 0.4] if count my-mediums > (count my-strongs + count my-weaks) [ set change change + 0.2] if count my-weaks > (count my-strongs + count my-mediums) [ set change change + 0.3] if count my-strongs > (count my-mediums + count my-weaks) [ set change change - 0.3] ] ask turtles [ if change > my-resistance [ ifelse leader = 1 [] [ foreach [closers] of self [ ifelse [leader] of ? = 1 [set meme-list [meme-list] of ?] [ifelse count my-strongs > (count my-mediums + count my-weaks) [] [set meme-list (replace-item random 3 meme-list random 2)] ]]]]] end to do-plot set-current-plot "Links" set-current-plot-pen "Weaks" plot count weaks set-current-plot-pen "Mediums" plot count mediums set-current-plot-pen "Strongs" plot count strongs set-current-plot "Savers" set-current-plot-pen "Garden Savers" plot count turtles with [item 0 meme-list = 1] set-current-plot-pen "Washer Savers" plot count turtles with [item 1 meme-list = 1] set-current-plot-pen "Dishwasher Savers" plot count turtles with [item 2 meme-list = 1] end to write-on-my-file ; procedure to create a file txt to read with maxima file-delete "agents-points.txt" file-open "agents-points.txt" ask turtles [ file-write xcor file-write ycor set maxima length filter [? = true] map [? = 1] [meme-list] of self file-write maxima file-print "" ] file-close end @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 624 10 1039 446 15 15 13.065 1 10 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 -15 15 -15 15 0 0 1 ticks BUTTON 37 10 103 43 NIL setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL SLIDER 37 48 217 81 number-of-subjects number-of-subjects 0 100 70 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL MONITOR 396 300 508 345 garden savers count turtles with [item 0 meme-list = 1] 17 1 11 MONITOR 396 350 507 395 washer savers count turtles with [item 1 meme-list = 1] 17 1 11 MONITOR 396 400 507 445 dishwasher savers count turtles with [item 2 meme-list = 1] 17 1 11 BUTTON 117 10 230 43 step-by-step go NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 241 10 306 43 NIL go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL PLOT 36 142 389 292 Links time number of links 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true true PENS "Weaks" 1.0 0 -13345367 true "Mediums" 1.0 0 -2674135 true "Strongs" 1.0 0 -10899396 true PLOT 36 299 390 449 Savers time number of turtles 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true true PENS "Garden Savers" 1.0 0 -5825686 true "Washer Savers" 1.0 0 -11221820 true "Dishwasher Savers" 1.0 0 -955883 true SWITCH 241 49 368 82 movement? movement? 1 1 -1000 TEXTBOX 519 308 594 440 Number of subjects who save water in watering garden, washing clothes and washing dishes. 11 0.0 1 CHOOSER 37 89 175 134 change-adversity change-adversity "high" "medium" "low" 2 SWITCH 241 89 362 122 leaders? leaders? 1 1 -1000 MONITOR 397 144 507 189 %Weaks (count weaks / count links) * 100 0 1 11 MONITOR 398 197 507 242 %Mediums (count mediums / count links) * 100 0 1 11 MONITOR 398 247 507 292 %Strongs (count strongs / count links) * 100 0 1 11 @#$#@#$#@ WHAT IS IT? ----------- The model explores the process of observational learning of social factors. The object of the model is the analisys of the transmission of water memes, that is ideas or beliefs connected to water saving. HOW IT WORKS ------------ The turtles are persons, who are interested in three activities: watering garden, washing clothes and washing dishes. They develop for each activity a belief, or meme: it could be a saving one, that is people don't want to waste water, or an indifferent one, that is people don't matter how much water they consume. A meme is identified by a number: 1 for savers and 0 for indifferents. The meme-list contains these three values, one for each activity. People have a resistance degree to change and a probability to change, both choosen randomly at the beginning of the model. People look at each other: they create different links among them looking at the number of same memes they share. The characteristics of their neighbours modify their probability to change: it rises, if they are too much different or if there is a leader near them; it decreases, if their neighbours act like them. If the probability to change exceeds the resistance degree, people change habits, copying others' meme-list or changing some memes. HOW TO USE IT ------------- Click the SETUP button to create turtles and generate the links among them. Click the GO button to start the simulation or the STEP-BY-STEP button to run the simulation only once. Before starting the model, you can choose the number of subjects and the level of change-resistance: low, medium or high. Switching on "movement?" and/or "leaders?" you can choose to let turtles move and/or to set some turtles as leaders, so they will be able to condition their neighbours. You can switch these variables all along the simulation. THINGS TO NOTICE ---------------- There are two plots: - "Links" shows the number of each type of link; - "Savers" contains three series corresponding to the three types af activities: each one shows the number of agents with a saver meme for that activity. On its right, three monitors show the values of each series. Three monitors on the right of the "Links plot" show the percentage composition of links, that is the number of each type of link on the total amount. THINGS TO TRY ------------- Try moving the sliders controlling the system's parameters, that is the possibility of the agents to move and the existance of leaders, and see how they influence the spread of memes and if the system converge to a particular set of habits or not. EXTENDING THE MODEL ------------------- It would be interesting to consider explicitly the economic value of each behaviour adopted by the agents. The probability to change and the opposite resistance degree could be linked to the opportunity cost of each habit and not only to the social environment: it would be a more realistic scenario. CREDITS AND REFERENCES ---------------------- Robert Axelrod, "The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration", Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1997. @#$#@#$#@ default true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250 airplane true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 135 15 120 60 120 105 15 165 15 195 120 180 135 240 105 270 120 285 150 270 180 285 210 270 165 240 180 180 285 195 285 165 180 105 180 60 165 15 arrow true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 0 150 105 150 105 293 195 293 195 150 300 150 box false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 285 285 225 285 75 150 135 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 135 15 75 150 15 285 75 Polygon -7500403 true true 15 75 15 225 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 135 15 75 Line -16777216 false 150 135 285 75 bug true 0 Circle -7500403 true true 96 182 108 Circle -7500403 true true 110 127 80 Circle -7500403 true true 110 75 80 Line -7500403 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