globals [called-turtle] patches-own [price-to-00 price-to-01 price-to-10 price-to-11 last-price-to-00 last-price-to-01 last-price-to-10 last-price-to-11 profits last-profits] turtles-own [cost-in-00 cost-in-01 cost-in-10 cost-in-11] to setup ca setup-turtles setup-patches do-plots end to setup-turtles set-default-shape turtles "telephone" crt number / 4 [setxy 0 0 right random 360 forward random-float 0.45] crt number / 4 [setxy 0 1 right random 360 forward random-float 0.45] crt number / 4 [setxy 1 0 right random 360 forward random-float 0.45] crt number / 4 [setxy 1 1 right random 360 forward random-float 0.45] ask-concurrent turtles [set size 0.15] end to setup-patches setup-colors setup-prices end to setup-colors ask patch 0 0 [set pcolor 108] ask patch 0 1 [set pcolor 28] ask patch 1 0 [set pcolor 48] ask patch 1 1 [set pcolor 58] end to setup-prices ask patches [ set price-to-00 random 20 + 11 set price-to-01 random 20 + 11 set price-to-10 random 20 + 11 set price-to-11 random 20 + 11 ] ask patch 0 0 [set price-to-00 random 10 + 1 ] ask patch 0 1 [set price-to-01 random 10 + 1 ] ask patch 1 0 [set price-to-10 random 10 + 1 ] ask patch 1 1 [set price-to-11 random 10 + 1 ] end to go call-turtles calc-profits change-patch every change-time [change-prices] do-plots wait 0.15 end to call-turtles ask turtles [ set called-turtle one-of other turtles create-link-with called-turtle if [xcor] of called-turtle < 0.5 and [ycor] of called-turtle < 0.5 [ set cost-in-00 (cost-in-00 + [price-to-00] of patch 0 0) set cost-in-01 (cost-in-01 + [price-to-00] of patch 0 1) set cost-in-10 (cost-in-10 + [price-to-00] of patch 1 0) set cost-in-11 (cost-in-11 + [price-to-00] of patch 1 1) ] if [xcor] of called-turtle < 0.5 and [ycor] of called-turtle > 0.5 [ set cost-in-00 (cost-in-00 + [price-to-01] of patch 0 0) set cost-in-01 (cost-in-01 + [price-to-01] of patch 0 1) set cost-in-10 (cost-in-10 + [price-to-01] of patch 1 0) set cost-in-11 (cost-in-11 + [price-to-01] of patch 1 1) ] if [xcor] of called-turtle > 0.5 and [ycor] of called-turtle < 0.5 [ set cost-in-00 (cost-in-00 + [price-to-10] of patch 0 0) set cost-in-01 (cost-in-01 + [price-to-10] of patch 0 1) set cost-in-10 (cost-in-10 + [price-to-10] of patch 1 0) set cost-in-11 (cost-in-11 + [price-to-10] of patch 1 1) ] if [xcor] of called-turtle > 0.5 and [ycor] of called-turtle > 0.5 [ set cost-in-00 (cost-in-00 + [price-to-11] of patch 0 0) set cost-in-01 (cost-in-01 + [price-to-11] of patch 0 1) set cost-in-10 (cost-in-10 + [price-to-11] of patch 1 0) set cost-in-11 (cost-in-11 + [price-to-11] of patch 1 1) ] if xcor < 0.5 and ycor < 0.5 [ set cost-in-01 (cost-in-01 + random inform) if cost-in-01 <= 1 [set cost-in-01 1] set cost-in-10 (cost-in-10 + random inform) if cost-in-10 <= 1 [set cost-in-10 1] set cost-in-11 (cost-in-11 + random inform) if cost-in-11 <= 1 [set cost-in-11 1] ] if xcor < 0.5 and ycor > 0.5 [ set cost-in-00 (cost-in-00 + random inform) if cost-in-00 <= 1 [set cost-in-00 1] set cost-in-10 (cost-in-10 + random inform) if cost-in-10 <= 1 [set cost-in-10 1] set cost-in-11 (cost-in-11 + random inform) if cost-in-11 <= 1 [set cost-in-11 1] ] if xcor > 0.5 and ycor < 0.5 [ set cost-in-00 (cost-in-00 + random inform) if cost-in-00 <= 1 [set cost-in-00 1] set cost-in-01 (cost-in-01 + random inform) if cost-in-01 <= 1 [set cost-in-01 1] set cost-in-11 (cost-in-11 + random inform) if cost-in-11 <= 1 [set cost-in-11 1] ] if xcor > 0.5 and ycor > 0.5 [ set cost-in-00 (cost-in-00 + random inform) if cost-in-00 <= 1 [set cost-in-00 1] set cost-in-01 (cost-in-01 + random inform) if cost-in-01 <= 1 [set cost-in-01 1] set cost-in-10 (cost-in-10 + random inform) if cost-in-10 <= 1 [set cost-in-10 1] ] ] wait 0.15 clear-links end to calc-profits ask turtles [ if xcor < 0.5 and ycor < 0.5 [ set [profits] of patch 0 0 (profits + cost-in-00)] if xcor < 0.5 and ycor > 0.5 [ set [profits] of patch 0 1 (profits + cost-in-01)] if xcor > 0.5 and ycor < 0.5 [ set [profits] of patch 1 0 (profits + cost-in-10)] if xcor > 0.5 and ycor > 0.5 [ set [profits] of patch 1 1 (profits + cost-in-11)] ] ifelse cartel [ ask patches [ set profits ([profits] of patch 0 0 + [profits] of patch 0 1 + [profits] of patch 1 0 + [profits] of patch 1 1) / 4] ] [] end to change-patch ask-concurrent turtles [ if cost-in-00 + move-cost < cost-in-01 and cost-in-00 + move-cost < cost-in-10 and cost-in-00 + move-cost < cost-in-11 [move-to patch 0 0 right random 360 forward random-float 0.45] if cost-in-01 + move-cost < cost-in-00 and cost-in-01 + move-cost < cost-in-10 and cost-in-01 + move-cost < cost-in-11 [move-to patch 0 1 right random 360 forward random-float 0.45] if cost-in-10 + move-cost < cost-in-00 and cost-in-10 + move-cost < cost-in-01 and cost-in-10 + move-cost < cost-in-11 [move-to patch 1 0 right random 360 forward random-float 0.45] if cost-in-11 + move-cost < cost-in-00 and cost-in-11 + move-cost < cost-in-01 and cost-in-11 + move-cost < cost-in-10 [move-to patch 1 1 right random 360 forward random-float 0.45] set cost-in-00 0 set cost-in-01 0 set cost-in-10 0 set cost-in-11 0 ] end to change-prices ask patches [ let x-00 price-to-00 let x-01 price-to-01 let x-10 price-to-10 let x-11 price-to-11 ifelse profits >= last-profits [ set price-to-00 price-to-00 + 0.3 * abs (price-to-00 - last-price-to-00) if price-to-00 = last-price-to-00 [set price-to-00 price-to-00 + random-float 2.0] set price-to-01 price-to-01 + 0.3 * abs (price-to-01 - last-price-to-01) if price-to-01 = last-price-to-01 [set price-to-01 price-to-01 + random-float 2.0] set price-to-10 price-to-10 + 0.3 * abs (price-to-10 - last-price-to-10) if price-to-10 = last-price-to-10 [set price-to-10 price-to-10 + random-float 2.0] set price-to-11 price-to-11 + 0.3 * abs (price-to-11 - last-price-to-11) if price-to-11 = last-price-to-11 [set price-to-11 price-to-11 + random-float 2.0] ] [ set price-to-00 price-to-00 - 0.3 * abs (price-to-00 - last-price-to-00) if price-to-00 <= 1 [set price-to-00 1] set price-to-01 price-to-01 - 0.3 * abs (price-to-01 - last-price-to-01) if price-to-01 <= 1 [set price-to-01 1] set price-to-10 price-to-10 - 0.3 * abs (price-to-10 - last-price-to-10) if price-to-10 <= 1 [set price-to-10 1] set price-to-11 price-to-11 - 0.3 * abs (price-to-11 - last-price-to-11) if price-to-11 <= 1 [set price-to-11 1] ] if profits = 0 [ set price-to-00 (price-to-00 - 1) if price-to-00 <= 1 [set price-to-00 1] set price-to-01 (price-to-01 - 1) if price-to-01 <= 1 [set price-to-01 1] set price-to-10 (price-to-10 - 1) if price-to-10 <= 1 [set price-to-10 1] set price-to-11 (price-to-11 - 1) if price-to-11 <= 1 [set price-to-11 1] ] set last-profits profits set last-price-to-00 x-00 set last-price-to-01 x-01 set last-price-to-10 x-10 set last-price-to-11 x-11 set profits 0 ] end to do-plots set-current-plot "turtle number" set-current-plot-pen "patch-00" plot count turtles-on patch 0 0 set-current-plot-pen "patch-01" plot count turtles-on patch 0 1 set-current-plot-pen "patch-10" plot count turtles-on patch 1 0 set-current-plot-pen "patch-11" plot count turtles-on patch 1 1 set-current-plot "prices of patch 0 0" set-current-plot-pen "price to 0 0" plot [price-to-00] of patch 0 0 set-current-plot-pen "price to 0 1" plot [price-to-01] of patch 0 0 set-current-plot-pen "price to 1 0" plot [price-to-10] of patch 0 0 set-current-plot-pen "price to 1 1" plot [price-to-11] of patch 0 0 set-current-plot "prices of patch 0 1" set-current-plot-pen "price to 0 0" plot [price-to-00] of patch 0 1 set-current-plot-pen "price to 0 1" plot [price-to-01] of patch 0 1 set-current-plot-pen "price to 1 0" plot [price-to-10] of patch 0 1 set-current-plot-pen "price to 1 1" plot [price-to-11] of patch 0 1 set-current-plot "prices of patch 1 0" set-current-plot-pen "price to 0 0" plot [price-to-00] of patch 1 0 set-current-plot-pen "price to 0 1" plot [price-to-01] of patch 1 0 set-current-plot-pen "price to 1 0" plot [price-to-10] of patch 1 0 set-current-plot-pen "price to 1 1" plot [price-to-11] of patch 1 0 set-current-plot "prices of patch 1 1" set-current-plot-pen "price to 0 0" plot [price-to-00] of patch 1 1 set-current-plot-pen "price to 0 1" plot [price-to-01] of patch 1 1 set-current-plot-pen "price to 1 0" plot [price-to-10] of patch 1 1 set-current-plot-pen "price to 1 1" plot [price-to-11] of patch 1 1 set-current-plot "profits" set-current-plot-pen "patch 0 0" plot [last-profits] of patch 0 0 set-current-plot-pen "patch 0 1" plot [last-profits] of patch 0 1 set-current-plot-pen "patch 1 0" plot [last-profits] of patch 1 0 set-current-plot-pen "patch 1 1" plot [last-profits] of patch 1 1 end @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 334 10 864 561 -1 -1 260.0 1 10 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 mercato telefonia CC-WINDOW 5 575 1095 670 Command Center 0 BUTTON 17 10 96 43 setup setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 104 10 182 43 NIL go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL SLIDER 164 57 318 90 number number 8 40 24 4 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 163 102 317 135 inform inform - 10 10 0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 17 102 160 135 move-cost move-cost 0 10 0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL PLOT 17 144 318 346 turtle number NIL NIL 0.0 10.0 0.0 12.0 true false PENS "patch-00" 1.0 0 -11221820 true "patch-01" 1.0 0 -955883 true "patch-10" 1.0 0 -1184463 true "patch-11" 1.0 0 -10899396 true SLIDER 18 57 161 90 change-time change-time 0 2 0 0.5 1 NIL HORIZONTAL PLOT 880 10 1086 149 prices of patch 0 0 NIL NIL 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true false PENS "price to 0 0" 1.0 0 -11221820 true "price to 0 1" 1.0 0 -955883 true "price to 1 0" 1.0 0 -1184463 true "price to 1 1" 1.0 0 -10899396 true PLOT 880 149 1086 287 prices of patch 0 1 NIL NIL 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true false PENS "price to 0 0" 1.0 0 -11221820 true "price to 0 1" 1.0 0 -955883 true "price to 1 0" 1.0 0 -1184463 true "price to 1 1" 1.0 0 -10899396 true PLOT 880 287 1086 425 prices of patch 1 0 NIL NIL 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true false PENS "price to 0 0" 1.0 0 -11221820 true "price to 0 1" 1.0 0 -955883 true "price to 1 0" 1.0 0 -1184463 true "price to 1 1" 1.0 0 -10899396 true PLOT 880 424 1086 561 prices of patch 1 1 NIL NIL 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true false PENS "price to 0 0" 1.0 0 -11221820 true "price to 0 1" 1.0 0 -955883 true "price to 1 0" 1.0 0 -1184463 true "price to 1 1" 1.0 0 -10899396 true SWITCH 217 10 317 43 cartel cartel 1 1 -1000 PLOT 17 346 318 561 profits NIL NIL 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true false PENS "patch 0 0" 1.0 0 -11221820 true "patch 0 1" 1.0 0 -955883 true "patch 1 0" 1.0 0 -1184463 true "patch 1 1" 1.0 0 -10899396 true @#$#@#$#@ WHAT IS IT? ----------- This model simulates a simple telephone market, with four firms. HOW IT WORKS ------------ Each patch represents one firm, each telephone represent an agent. If an agent is on a patch, this means that the he has a contract with that telephone operator. The are no costs for the firms, and the profits are given by the sum of the costs of the agents. The agents change their telephone operator (they move to another patch) if another operator is cheaper, on the basis of the calls they have done. The firms change their prices, increasing them if the profits are growing and decreasing them if teh profits are falling. There is not a maximization, but an attempt to make profits increase. HOW TO USE IT ------------- The "setup" button creates the patchs and the telephones. The number of the agents (telephones) depends on the value reported on the slider "number". The "go" button runs the simulations forever. The firms change their prices as the value reported on the slider "change-time" changes. The "move-cost" and "inform" sliders represents two features of the telephone market. The first represents the cost, not only pecuniary, of changing the telephone operator. The second represents the possibility of a not right valutations of the costs that could be met with another telephone operator, higher or lower than the right one. The switch "cartel", if it is on, activates a simple behaviour of the four firms as a monopolist, sharing the profits in equal parts. THINGS TO NOTICE ---------------- Before reaching the equilibrium, the consumers shift on the market until all consumers subscribe to the same telephone company. When this equilibrium is reached, the prices of the only active company are constant. When the equilibrium si reached by the market, we can see that it is not a stalemate. The consumers continue to change telephone company simultaneously because it is more convenient for everyone. Moreover, we can see how this competition leads to a reduction of prices and profits for all firms. Prices are slightly higher than the average costs and profits are higher than the zero. THINGS TO TRY ------------- If the number of consumers increases you will see only an increase of the time for reach equilibrium, compared to the basic model. If you have a cartel the equilibrium becomes stable. If move-cost raise, the movement of consumers among the companies becomes slower. When move-cost is very high, the equilibrium becomes stable. Sometimes, you can reach the equilibrium with several firms that remain active in the market. If change-time increases, we have only a slowing in reaching the equilibrium and in following movements. If you have an asymmetric information, the market can not reach a stable equiibrium (if - 1 <= inform <= 1 nothing changes). EXTENDING THE MODEL ------------------- The model can be extended both on the side of the firms, creating a more "optimizating" modality for changing prices and a more complex structuring for the cartel, and mainly on the side of the agents, creating social networks between the agents. @#$#@#$#@ default true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250 airplane true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 135 15 120 60 120 105 15 165 15 195 120 180 135 240 105 270 120 285 150 270 180 285 210 270 165 240 180 180 285 195 285 165 180 105 180 60 165 15 arrow true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 0 150 105 150 105 293 195 293 195 150 300 150 box false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 285 285 225 285 75 150 135 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 135 15 75 150 15 285 75 Polygon -7500403 true true 15 75 15 225 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 135 15 75 Line -16777216 false 150 135 285 75 bug true 0 Circle -7500403 true true 96 182 108 Circle 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135 209 135 194 105 189 96 180 89 Circle -7500403 true true 47 195 58 Circle -7500403 true true 195 195 58 circle false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 0 0 300 circle 2 false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 0 0 300 Circle -16777216 true false 30 30 240 cow false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 200 193 197 249 179 249 177 196 166 187 140 189 93 191 78 179 72 211 49 209 48 181 37 149 25 120 25 89 45 72 103 84 179 75 198 76 252 64 272 81 293 103 285 121 255 121 242 118 224 167 Polygon -7500403 true true 73 210 86 251 62 249 48 208 Polygon -7500403 true true 25 114 16 195 9 204 23 213 25 200 39 123 cylinder false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 0 0 300 dot false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 90 90 120 face happy false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 8 8 285 Circle -16777216 true false 60 75 60 Circle -16777216 true false 180 75 60 Polygon -16777216 true false 150 255 90 239 62 213 47 191 67 179 90 203 109 218 150 225 192 218 210 203 227 181 251 194 236 217 212 240 face neutral false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 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@#$#@#$#@