globals [ income-top ;; y coordinate of top row of income income-upper ;; y coordinate of upper row of income income-middle ;; y coordinate of middle row of income ] breed [ happy-people happy-person ] breed [ unhappy-people unhappy-person ] turtles-own [ well-being education trust ] ;; ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* to setup clear-all setup-classes setup-incomes do-plotting do-plots do-plot do-plottings do-chart ask turtles [ set size 1.5 ] ask turtles [ set heading random 360 ] let top-class ( n-values ( round ( 0.0095 * People ) ) [ turtle ? ] ) let upper-class ( n-values ( round ( 0.096 * People ) ) [ turtle ? ] ) let middle-class ( n-values ( round ( 0.5021 * People ) ) [ turtle ? ] ) let work-class ( n-values People [ turtle ? ] ) set upper-class sublist upper-class ( round ( 0.0095 * People ) ) ( round ( 0.096 * People ) ) set middle-class sublist middle-class ( round ( 0.096 * People ) ) ( round ( 0.5021 * People ) ) set work-class sublist work-class ( round ( 0.5021 * People ) ) ( People ) show top-class show upper-class show middle-class show work-class ask turtle-set ( top-class ) [ set xcor random-xcor let limit-income-top ( random-float max-pycor ) ifelse limit-income-top >= income-top [ set ycor limit-income-top ] [ set ycor ( limit-income-top + ( max-pycor - limit-income-top ) - random-float ( max-pycor - income-top) ) ] ] ask turtle-set ( upper-class ) [ set xcor random-xcor let limit-income-upper ( random-float income-top ) ifelse limit-income-upper >= income-upper [ set ycor limit-income-upper ] [ set ycor ( limit-income-upper + ( income-top - limit-income-upper ) - random-float ( income-top - income-upper) ) ] ] ask turtle-set ( middle-class ) [ set xcor random-xcor let limit-income-middle ( random-float income-upper ) ifelse limit-income-middle >= income-middle [ set ycor limit-income-middle ] [ set ycor ( limit-income-middle + ( income-upper - limit-income-middle ) - random-float ( income-upper - income-middle ) ) ] ] ask turtle-set ( work-class ) [ setxy random-xcor random-float income-middle ] end ;; ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to setup-classes set-default-shape turtles "person" ;; applies to both breeds create-turtles People [ set well-being random-normal start-well-being-mean start-well-being-stddev set education random-normal start-education-mean start-education-stddev set trust random-normal start-trust-mean start-trust-stddev ifelse (random-float 1.0 < Happiness) [ set breed happy-people set color 65 ] [ set breed unhappy-people set color 115 ] ] end ;; ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* to setup-incomes set income-top max-pycor - 3 set income-upper 11.2 set income-middle 4.8 ask patches [ ;; set colors for the different sections of income if pycor <= max-pycor and pycor >= income-top [ set pcolor 85 ] if pycor < income-top and pycor >= income-upper [ set pcolor 87 ] if pycor < income-upper and pycor >= income-middle [ set pcolor 89 ] if pycor < income-middle and pycor >= 0 [ set pcolor 9.999 ] ] end ;; ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to Basic-scenery move-turtles become-happy become-unhappy do-plotting end ;; *********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to move-turtles let top-class ( n-values ( round ( 0.0095 * People ) ) [ turtle ? ] ) let upper-class ( n-values ( round ( 0.096 * People ) ) [ turtle ? ] ) let middle-class ( n-values ( round ( 0.5021 * People ) ) [ turtle ? ] ) let work-class ( n-values People [ turtle ? ] ) ask turtle-set ( top-class ) [ if color = 65 [ forward 0 ] if color = 115 [ right random 360 forward 1 ] ifelse ( ( heading > 270 ) or ( heading < 90 ) ) [ set well-being well-being - 2.50 ] [ set well-being well-being + 2 ] ] ask turtle-set ( upper-class ) [ right random 360 forward 1 ifelse ( ( heading > 270 ) or ( heading < 90 ) ) [ set well-being well-being - 2 ] [ set well-being well-being + 1.50 ] ] ask turtle-set ( middle-class ) [ right random 360 forward 1 ifelse ( ( heading > 270 ) or ( heading < 90 ) ) [ set well-being well-being - 1.50 ] [ set well-being well-being + 1 ] ] ask turtle-set ( work-class ) [ right random 360 forward 1 ifelse ( ( heading > 270 ) or ( heading < 90 ) ) [ set well-being well-being + 2.50 ] [ set well-being well-being - 2.50 ] ] end ;; ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************ to become-happy ask turtles [ if well-being >= start-well-being-mean [ set color 65 ] ] end ;; ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* to become-unhappy ask turtles [ if well-being < ( start-well-being-mean - start-well-being-stddev ) [ set color 115 ] ] end ;; ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* to do-plotting set-current-plot "People over time" set-current-plot-pen "Happy" plot count turtles with [ color = 65 ] set-current-plot-pen "Unhappy" plot count turtles with [ color = 115 ] end ;; ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to Reference-groups look-at-neighbours become-green become-purple do-plots end ;; ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to look-at-neighbours ask turtles with [ color = 65 ] [ ask other turtles in-radius 3 [ forward 0 set well-being well-being + 2 ]] ask turtles with [ color = 115 ] [ ask other turtles in-radius 3 [ set heading 0 forward 1 set well-being well-being - 2.10 ]] end ;; ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to become-green ask turtles [ if well-being >= ( start-well-being-mean + start-well-being-stddev ) [ set color 65 ] ] end ;; ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to become-purple ask turtles [ if well-being < ( start-well-being-mean - start-well-being-stddev ) [ set color 115 ] ] end ;; ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* to do-plots set-current-plot "People over time" set-current-plot-pen "Happy" plot count turtles with [ color = 65 ] set-current-plot-pen "Unhappy" plot count turtles with [ color = 115 ] end ;; ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to Schooling-and-reference-groups look-at-neighbours-and-education become-color-65 become-color-115 do-plot end ;; ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to look-at-neighbours-and-education ask turtles with [ color = 65 ] [ ifelse ( any? turtles in-radius 1 with [ color = 65 ] ) and ( education > ( start-education-mean + start-education-stddev ) ) [ forward 0 set heading 0 set well-being well-being + 1.50 ] [ set heading 0 forward 2 set well-being well-being - 2.50 ] ] ask turtles with [ color = 115 ] [ ifelse ( any? turtles in-radius 1 with [ color = 65 ] ) and ( education > ( start-education-mean + start-education-stddev ) ) [ set heading 180 forward 2 set well-being well-being + 1.50 ] [ set heading 0 forward 1 set well-being well-being - 2.50 ] ] end ;; ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to become-color-65 ask turtles [ if well-being >= ( start-well-being-mean + start-well-being-stddev ) [ set color 65 ] ] end ;; ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* to become-color-115 ask turtles [ if well-being <= ( start-well-being-mean - start-well-being-stddev ) [ set color 115 ] ] end ;; ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to do-plot set-current-plot "People over time" set-current-plot-pen "Happy" plot count turtles with [ color = 65 ] set-current-plot-pen "Unhappy" plot count turtles with [ color = 115 ] end ;; ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to Schooling look-at-education become-green-65 become-purple-115 do-plottings end ;; ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to look-at-education ask turtles with [ color = 65 ] [ ifelse ( education > ( start-education-mean + start-education-stddev ) ) [ forward 0 set heading 0 set well-being well-being + 0.50 ] [ set heading 0 forward 2 set well-being well-being - 2.50 ] ] ask turtles with [ color = 115 ] [ ifelse ( education > ( start-education-mean + start-education-stddev ) ) [ set heading 180 forward 2 set well-being well-being + 0.50 ] [ set heading 0 forward 1 set well-being well-being - 2.50 ] ] end ;; ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* to become-green-65 ask turtles [ if well-being >= ( start-well-being-mean + start-well-being-stddev ) [ set color 65 ] ] end ;; ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to become-purple-115 ask turtles [ if well-being <= ( start-well-being-mean - start-well-being-stddev ) [ set color 115 ] ] end ;; ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* to do-plottings set-current-plot "People over time" set-current-plot-pen "Happy" plot count turtles with [ color = 65 ] set-current-plot-pen "Unhappy" plot count turtles with [ color = 115 ] end ;; ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* to Confidence look-at-trust become-color-green-65 become-color-purple-115 do-chart end ;; ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to look-at-trust ask turtles with [ color = 65 ] [ ifelse ( any? turtles in-radius 1 with [ color = 65 ] ) and ( trust >= ( start-trust-mean + start-trust-stddev ) ) [ forward 0 set heading 0 set well-being well-being + 0.10 set trust trust + 0.10 ] [ set heading 0 forward 1 set well-being well-being - 2 set trust trust - 3 ] ] ask turtles with [ color = 115 ] [ ifelse ( any? turtles in-radius 1 with [ color = 65 ] ) and ( trust >= start-trust-mean ) [ set heading 180 forward 4 set well-being well-being + 3 set trust trust + 3 ] [ set heading 0 forward 1 set well-being well-being - 1.50 set trust trust - 2 ] ] end ;; ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* to become-color-green-65 ask turtles [ if ( well-being >= ( start-well-being-mean + start-well-being-stddev ) ) and ( trust >= ( start-trust-mean + start-trust-stddev ) ) [ set color 65 ] ] end ;; ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** to become-color-purple-115 ask turtles [ if ( well-being <= ( start-well-being-mean - start-well-being-stddev ) ) and ( trust < start-trust-mean ) [ set color 115 ] ] end ;; ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* to do-chart set-current-plot "People over time" set-current-plot-pen "Happy" plot count turtles with [ color = 65 ] set-current-plot-pen "Unhappy" plot count turtles with [ color = 115 ] end ;; ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 374 10 1029 515 -1 -1 13.17 1 10 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 48 0 35 0 0 1 ticks CC-WINDOW 5 529 1258 624 Command Center 0 BUTTON 10 18 74 51 NIL Setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL SLIDER 1043 43 1215 76 People People 0 1000 700 10 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 1044 84 1216 117 Happiness Happiness 0 1 0.4 0.01 1 NIL HORIZONTAL MONITOR 11 208 129 261 # Happy-people count turtles with [ color = 65 ] 17 1 13 SLIDER 1044 157 1244 190 start-well-being-mean start-well-being-mean 0 400 250 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 1044 199 1249 232 start-well-being-stddev start-well-being-stddev 0 400 51 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL BUTTON 10 65 131 98 NIL Basic-scenery\n T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL PLOT 11 277 359 514 People over time Time People 0.0 10.0 0.0 1000.0 true true PENS "Happy" 1.0 0 -10899396 true "Unhappy" 1.0 0 -8630108 true MONITOR 139 208 273 261 # Unhappy-people count turtles with [ color = 115 ] 17 1 13 BUTTON 139 65 288 98 NIL Reference-groups T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 114 112 358 145 NIL Schooling-and-reference-groups T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 11 159 115 192 NIL Confidence T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL SLIDER 1045 241 1240 274 start-education-mean start-education-mean 0 400 199 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 1045 283 1246 316 start-education-stddev start-education-stddev 0 400 50 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 1046 325 1218 358 start-trust-mean start-trust-mean 0 400 150 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 1046 368 1218 401 start-trust-stddev start-trust-stddev 0 400 60 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL BUTTON 10 112 105 145 NIL Schooling T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL TEXTBOX 1046 17 1196 35 Basic sliders: 13 0.0 1 TEXTBOX 1047 130 1197 148 Advanced sliders: 13 0.0 1 @#$#@#$#@ WHAT IS IT? ----------- Our aim was to build a model in Netlogo that allowed us to simulate the Happiness Paradox. This could be defined a "social model": we used the computer and Netlogo like a laboratory in oder to investigate the relationship between happiness and wealth. Besides we try to understand the role that factors such as the reference groups, the education and the confidence play in the determination of the final level of happiness. We wanted to recreate a real situation in the initial scenery (Setup). So the environment is a metaphorical and not a real place. We splited the world into four different areas that represent the main four income areas in Italy, in according to the data provided by the Italian Department of Economy and Finance in March 2010. The white area represents a gross income area inferior to 15.000 euros per year, the turquoise one identifies a gross income between 15.000 and 35.000 euros per year, the light-blue area is related to an annual gross income between 35.000 and 100.000 euros and the blue area represents the higher income (superior to 100.000 euros per year). We provided to place the agents in these areas in according to the Italian economic situation at the end of 2008 (the latest data). So the 49,79% of the agents is located in the white area, the 40,61% is in the turquoise area, the 8,65% is in the light-blue space and the remaining 0,95% occupies the blue area. HOW IT WORKS ------------ BASIC SCENERY: In this first elementary scenary we recreate the following situation: there are not reference groups, agents in different areas behave in according to different rules. We hypothesize that all the agents aim to improve their income even if they are not always able to succeed in their purpose (set heading random-float 360). If they succeed, they move toward the top of the world, otherwise they move in the opposite direction. All the agents own an internal measurement of their "well-being": they consume it during the pursuit of happiness. Happy agents are represented in green, while the unhappy ones are purple. When the ammount of the parameter "Well-being" achieves given levels (defined in according to the mean and the standard deviation of the Well-being Bell Curve), the agents turn into the opposit status (happy if they are unhappy and viceversa). REFERENCE GROUPS: In this second scenery, we hypothesize that a foreign company established in the word: so there is an extra work supply. The agents decide to accept or reject the extra job considering their neighbors. As above, the agents own an internal measurement of their "well-being" and they consume it during their pursuit of happiness. SCHOOLING versus SCHOOLING-AND-REFERENCE GROUPS: In these new sceneries, we hypothesize again that a foreign company established in the word: so there is an extra work supply. The agents decide to accept or reject the extra job considering their education (in the first instance) and their education and their neighbors (in the second instance). As above, the agents own an internal measurement of their "well-being" and they consume it during their pursuit of happiness. CONFIDENCE: In this last scenery, we hypothesize again that a foreign company established in the word: so there is an extra work supply. The agents decide to accept or reject the extra job considering their neighbors and the level of trust in them. As above, the agents own an internal measurement of their "well-being" and they consume it during their pursuit of happiness. HOW TO USE IT ------------- Thanks to a slider renamed "People", the end users of the simulation model can individually choose how many agents create: they can give life to a minimum of 10 agents and to a maximum of 1.000 agents. Happiness has been represented by colors: green agents are happy, the purple ones are unhappy. Using the slider "Happiness", the end users can choose the percentage of initial happy agents. Immediately below these sliders, there are two monitors that count and show how many happy and unhappy people fill the world in every moment. In order to allow an immediate visualization of the outcoming of the experiment we are conducting, it has been created a chart that shows the number of happy and unhappy people over the time. The agents own an inner measurement of their well-being, education and trust. These parameters are supposed to be distributed like a Normal Curve. The users can change the values of the mean and the standard deviation for each parameter using the appropriated sliders. After pushing the button "Setup" and having created the world and the agents, the user can choose the desired level for all the parameters mentioned above. Then he can make the model run pushing one of the 5 buttons described in the previous paragraph. Pushing again the same button, the simulation stops. THINGS TO TRY ------------- The end users can choose the level of different parameters: they can choose how many agents they want to create and the initial percentage of happy (green) people. In addition, they can change the level of the mean and the standard deviation fot the following parameters: education, trust and well-being. Moving the sliders, the users are able to conduct different experiments and investigate the influence that each parameter has in the building of happiness. EXTENDING THE MODEL ------------------- It is possible to complicate the procedure. We can take a step forward changing the rules that make the agents move: they move toward the top of the world or in the opposite direction in according to very simple rules that consider a few number of variables. We could introduce more variables and a more complex system of rules. In addition, we could introduce a Rule Maker in the program: at the moment it is present only a Rule Master. Then complicating the model, giving the agents a memory, a larger sight of the environment and a deep capacity of action we can turn this model from an emergentist into an imergentist model. RELATED MODELS -------------- This model is related to the Segregation Model by Schelling [1973] and to a model listed in the Library section of Netlogo, the Cooperation Model in the Social Science section. CREDITS AND REFERENCES ---------------------- In order to build the model, it was necessary to look for data and information. These are the papers and the website we used to get the information: - Bruni, Sacco, Zamagni, L’economia e i paradossi della felicità. Complessità relazionale e comportamento economico, verso un nuovo paradigma di razionalità, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2002 - http://www.chinadaily.cn/opinion/2010-04/09/content_9708996.htm - Frank, Choosing the right pond: human behavior and the quest for status, New York: Oxford University Press, 1985 - Bergheim, The happy variety of capitalism, Deutsche Bank Research, Frankfurt am Main, 2007 - De Biase, Economia della felicità. Dalla blogosfera al valore del dono e oltre, Feltrinelli, Milano, 2007 - Ministero dell'Economia e delle Finanze, Anticipazione statistiche delle dichiarazioni fiscali relative al periodo d’imposta 2008, http://www.finanze.gov.it/stat_anticipazioni2008/stat_2008.htm, marzo 2010 - Daniel Kahneman, Alan B. Krueger, David Schkade, Norbert Schwarz, Arthur A. Stone, Would You Be Happier If You Were Richer? 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